The+Stuarts+lõplik.ppt

 

 

Sub-topics:

1) The Stuarts: Mary Stuart

2) James I, the Gunpowder Plot

3) Charles I, the Civil War

4) Oliver Cromwell, the Commonwealth

5) Charles II, the Plague, the Great Fire of London

The+Stuarts+lõplik.ppt 

 

 

POWERPOINT! The Stuarts.PWP.ppt

 

 

Mary Stuart

 

Mary Stuart was born on December 8, 1542. She was the Queen of Scots from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567. Mary was only one week old when her father, James V of Scotland, died and she became Queen. While Mary was still a child, her mother, Mary of Guise, reigned Scotland. Five-year-old Mary was sent to France in 1548 to spend the next thirteen years at the French court.    

 

 

Mary Stuart married Francis, the son of Henry II, at the age of 17. Now Mary was the Queen of two countries. When Mary I died in 1558, Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, and her husband Francis asserted their right to the English crown, but the English recognized Elizabeth as the heir. But after only one year as a King, Francis died.

 

 

Mary Stuart           

 

 

 

 Mary (age 17) and Francis (age 15)

shortly after Francis became king in 1559.  

 

 

 

 

After Francis died, Mary returned to Scotland and she found that she was not popular in her kingdom. She had been brought up as a Catholic, but many people in Scotland had become Protestant. It was difficult for Mary to avoid siding with either the Catholics or the Protestants. As Mary was now free to marry again, there were lots of noblemen who wanted to become her husband.  In 1565 she married her first cousin, Lord Darnley, in a Roman Catholic ceremony. Mary and Darnley did not like each other. Darnley was jealous of Mary's friendship with her private secretary, Rizzio. Darnley and his friends got drunk one night and decided to kill David Rizzio. They came into Mary's private rooms at Holyrood Palace while she was talking with Rizzio and they stabbed him to death. Darnley got away with the murder because he was the queen's husband, but Mary never forgave him for murdering her friend Rizzio. Their son, James, was born on 19 June 1566. Darnley was fearing for his safety and went to Glasgow, to see his father. There he became ill. In the new year, Mary prompted her husband to come back to Edinburgh. One night in February 1567, after Mary had left to go to the wedding of one of her maids of honour, her husband stayed at home because he was ill. The house where Darnley was asleep exploded and Darnley was found dead in the garden.

 

 

 

People suspected that the murderer was the Earl of Bothwell, but it could not be proved. Mary and Bothwell were good friends and on 15 May, at the Palace of Holyroodhouse, they were married. Bothwell had divorced his first wife, Jane Gordon twelve days previously. The marriage between Mary and Bothwell was too much for the Scots. The Scottish nobility turned against Mary and Bothwell and raised an army against them. Scottish people made Mary's son, James, the King of Scotland. Bothwell escaped to Norway and died in prison. When Mary escaped to England on 19 May, she was imprisoned by Elizabeth's officers at Carlisle. Mary was moved from prison to prison, eventually ending up at Fotheringhay Castle, about 70 miles north-west of London, she was as close to Elizabeth as she ever came. Mary Stuart was in prison for about twenty years and then, finally in 1586 she was found guilty and, three months later, Elizabeth signed the death warrant. Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed on February 8, 1587. She was 24 when first imprisoned by Protestants in Scotland, and she was only 44 years old at the time of her execution.

 

              

               Earl of Bothwell                               

 

When Mary Stuart was young, she was a beautiful young woman, with red hair, but at the end her red hair had turned thin and grey. She had lost everything: her son, husbands, crowns and even her beauty. Mary had always loved animals and her little Skye terrier had brought her great comfort during the years in prison. It had curled itself around her feet while she knelt at the block and died just days after the queen. As queen of Scots, Mary's motto had been 'In my end is my beginning'. And certainly the end of her life marked the beginning of her legend. The Catholic nations which had condemned her behaviour during Darnley's murder and the marriage to Bothwell now celebrated her as a martyr.

 

 

Questions:

1. How old Mary was when she became the Queen?

2. Who was the first husband of Mary Stuart?

3. Did Mary Stuart and Lord Darnley love each other?

4. Who was suspected to be the murderer of Lord Darnley?

5. How long Mary was in prison?

6. Who was her friend in prison?

7. Who was Mary’s private secretary? 

 

Answers:

1. One week old

2. Francis

3. No

4. Bothwell

5. 20 years

6. Her dog, Skye terrier

7. Rizzio

 

 

Sources: 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_Scotland

http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Stuart

http://englishhistory.net/tudor/relative/maryqosbiography.html

http://womenshistory.about.com/od/maryqueenofscots/a/mary_queen_scot.htm

GUNPOWDERPLOT! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_plot

 

Mary Stuart text.doc 

 

James I and the Gunpowder Plot

 

 

James I was King of Scots as James VI, and King of England and Ireland as James I.

He became king in Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old, succeeding his mother Mary Stuart. On 24 March 1603, as James I, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue. He then ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland for 22 years, often using the title King of Great Britain, until his death at the age of 58. James was ambitious to build on the personal union of the crowns of Scotland and England to establish a permanent Union of the Crowns under one monarch, one parliament and one law, a plan which met opposition in both countries.

 

 

James' twenty-nine years of Scottish kingship did little to prepare him for the English monarchy: England and Scotland hated each other. This inherent mistrust severely limited James' prospects of a truly successful reign. His personality also caused problems. He fiercely believed in the divine right of kingship and his own importance, but found great difficulty in gaining acceptance from an English society that found his rough-hewn manners and natural paranoia quite unbecoming. James saw little use for Parliament. His extravagant spending habits and  ignoring of the nobility's grievances kept king and Parliament constantly at odds. He came to the throne at the peak of monarchical power, but never truly grasped the depth and scope of that power.

Religious dissension was the basis of an event that confirmed and fueled James' paranoia: the Gunpowder Plot of November 5, 1605. Guy Fawkes and four other Catholic dissenters were caught attempting to blow up the House of Lords on a day in which the king was to open the session.

 

 

The Gunpowder Conspiracy of 1605, was a failed assassination attempt by a group of provincial English Catholics against King James I of England and VI of Scotland. The plot intended to kill the king, his family and most of the Protestant aristocracy, by blowing up the Houses of Parliament during the State Opening on 5 November 1605. The conspirators had also planned to abduct Princess Elizabeth and lead a popular revolt in the Midlands.

 

On the evening of 4 November a royal official, Sir Thomas Knyvett, and Edward Doubleday discovered Guy Fawkes and his gunpowder. Fawkes was taken to the Tower of London and interrogated there under torture. Realising on the morning of 5 November that the Plot had been discovered, most of the conspirators fled to the Midlands. Heavy rain, however, slowed their travels. Many of them were caught by Richard Walsh, the Sheriff of Worcestershire, when they arrived in Stourbridge. The remaining men attempted a revolt in the Midlands. This failed, coming to a dramatic end in Staffordshire, where there was a shoot-out resulting in the deaths of Catesby and Percy and capture of several other principal conspirators. Jesuits and others were then rounded up in other locations in Britain, with some being killed by torture during interrogation. Robert Wintour managed to remain on the run for two months before he was captured at Hagley Park.

 

Sources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_plot

http://www.gunpowderplot.parliament.uk/adults_plot_df.htm

http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon46.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England

Exercises:

 

1)How old was James I when he succeeded to the throne? 1 year old

 

2)How old was James I at the time of his death? 58

 

3)Why did  the plan of  personal union of the crowns of Scotland and England meet opposition in both countries?

Because James I was constantly at odds with the parliament and he found difficulty gaining acceptance as a king.

 

4)Who discovered Guy Fawkes and his gunpowder? Sir Thomas Knyvett, and Edward Doubleday

 

5)Where did the conspirators flee, when the plot was discovered? Midlands, 5 november

 

6)Where was Robert Wintour captured? Hagley Park

 

 

Charles I

 

Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was the second son of James I. He was the King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution on 30 January 1649. Charles took part in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England. Charles I believed that Kings were appointed by God to rule by Divine Right. This Divine Right could not be taken away (unlike the similar Mandate of Heaven), even if he was stripped of his power. Many people in England believed that Charles was attempting to gain absolute power. Charles I took many actions during his rule that caused widespread opposition (he was most hated for levying the taxes).

 

Quite a few religious conflicts took place under Charles’s reign. He married a Catholic princess, Henrietta Maria of France, over the objections of Parliament and public opinion. He also allied himself with controversial religious figures, for example William Laud and Richard Montagu, whom Charles appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. Many of Charles's subjects felt this brought the Church of England too close to Roman Catholicism. Charles's later attempts to force religious reforms upon Scotland led to the Bishops' Wars that weakened England's government and helped make way towards his downfall.

 

 

The English Civil War marked the last years of this ruler. He was opposed by the forces of the English and Scottish Parliaments, which challenged his attempts to augment his own power, and by Puritans, who were hostile to his religious policies and supposed Catholic sympathies. Charles was defeated in the First Civil War (1642–45), after which Parliament expected him to accept demands for a constitutional monarchy. He disagreed and attempted to forge an alliance with Scotland and escaping to the Isle of Wight. This provoked a Second Civil War (1648–49) and a second defeat for Charles, who was then captured and executed for high treason. His execution shocked whole Europe. The monarchy was abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England was declared. His son, Charles II, became King after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. In that same year, Charles I was canonized by the Church of England.

 

 

1. How old was Charles when he came to the throne?
2. Why did he have many conflicts with the church?
3. Who was his father?
4. Who opposed the King during the Civil War?
5. When did the second Civil War end?
6. How did he die?
7. Did his son also become a king?

 

 

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England

http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/charles1.htm

http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheStuarts/CharlesI.aspx

 

 

The English Civil War, also called „The Great Rebellion“, started in 1641 and ended in 1651. It was a series of armed conflicts and political schemes between Royalists and Parliamentarians. In the first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) civil wars the supporters of King Charles I fought against the supporters of the Long Parliament. The third war (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended on 3 September 1651 at the Battle of Worcester with the Parliamentary victory.

The Civil War ended with the trial and execution of Charles I, who’s son, Charles II, was also exiled. The English monarchy was first replaced with the Commonwealth of England (1649-53) and afterwards with a Protectorate (1653-59), which was under Oliver Cromwell’s rule. The victors consolidated the Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland, that way ending the monopoly of the Church of England. The wars established that a monarch can’t govern without Parliament’s consent, although this idea was established with the Glorious Revolution later in the same century.

 

 

 

 

Oliver Cromwell

 

 

1. When did the Civil War start?
2. Who fought in the Civil War?
3. How many parts did the war consist of?
4. What battle ended the Civil War?
5. During who’s reign did the Civil War start?
6. What were the consequences of the war?
7. How was the war connected with religion?

 

 

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War

http://www.theteacher99.btinternet.co.uk/ecivil/index.htm

http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/index.htm

 

 

 

Oliver Cromwell

 

 

 

 

 

 

Oliver Cromwell was born on April 25, 1599. He was an English military and political leader best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England and his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Oliver Cromwell was born into a family which was for a time one of the wealthiest and most influential in the area. Educated at Huntingdon grammar school (now the Cromwell Museum) and at Cambridge University, he became a minor East Anglican landowner. He made a living by farming and collecting rents. Until 1640 he played only a small role in local administration and no significant role in national politics. It was the civil wars of the 1640s which lifted Cromwell from obscurity to power.

 

  Robert Cromwell                             

 

Elizabeth Cromwell                                                                                                                                                    

 

Civil war broke out between King Charles I and parliament in 1642. Although Cromwell lacked military experience, he created and led a superb force of cavalry, the 'Ironsides', and rose from the rank of captain to that of lieutenant-general in three years. He convinced parliament to establish a professional army - the New Model Army - which won the decisive victory over the king's forces at Naseby (1645). The king's alliance with the Scots and his subsequent defeat in the Second Civil War convinced Cromwell that the king must be brought to justice. He was a prime mover in the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649 and subsequently sought to win conservative support for the new republic by suppressing radial elements in the army. Cromwell became army commander and lord lieutenant of Ireland, where he crushed resistance with the massacres of the garrisons at Drogheda and Wexford (1649).

 

Cromwell then defeated the supporters of the king's son Charles II at Dunbar (1650) and Worcester (1651), effectively ending the civil war. In 1653, frustrated with lack of progress, he dissolved the rump of the Long Parliament and, after the failure of his Puritan convention (popularly known as Barebones Parliament) made himself lord protector. In 1657 he refused the offer of the crown. At home Lord Protector Cromwell reorganised the national church, established Puritanism, readmitted Jews into Britain and presided over a certain degree of religious tolerance. Abroad, he ended the war with Portugal (1653) and Holland (1654) and allied with France against Spain, defeating the Spanish at the Battle of the Dunes (1658). Cromwell died on 3 September 1658 in London. After the Restoration his body was dug up and hanged.

 

Cromwell's son Richard was named as his successor and was lord protector of England from September 1658 to May 1659. He could not reconcile various political, military and religious factions and soon lost the support of the army on which his power depended. He was forced to abdicate and after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 he fled to Paris. He returned to England in 1680 and lived quietly under an assumed name until his death in 1712.

 

 

 

The Commonwealth

 

Commonwealth of England was the name given to England when it became a republic after the execution of King Charles I in 1649. The monarchy and the House of Lords were abolished, and the country was ruled by a committee of Parliament. However, the Commonwealth could not secure the loyalty of the English people. In 1653, Oliver Cromwell, who had led the parliamentary forces against the king's supporters, dissolved Parliament and ended the Commonwealth. Cromwell then ruled under the Instrument of Government, a document prepared by his military officers. The document made England a dictatorship called the Protectorate, with Cromwell ruling as lord protector.

 

Questions:

 

1) Where did Cromwell study?

2) How he made living before going to parliament?

3)

 

 

 

Sources: 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell

http://www.olivercromwell.org/

http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/oliver-cromwell.htm

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/cromwell_oliver.shtmlVictorian era

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England

http://reference.howstuffworks.com/commonwealth-of-england-encyclopedia.htm

https://id409.van.ca.siteprotect.com/westair-reproductions/learning/kings_queens/commonwealth.htm

 

 

Charles II, the Plague, the Great Fire of London

 

Charles II

 

Charles II (29 May 1630 - 29 May 1660 – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Charles II was the second son of Charles I and Henrietta Marie of France. His father King Charles I was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649. He married Catherine of Braganza, but sired no legitimate children. His oldest child, James Scott, Duke of Monmouth, trying to capture the throne, was executed by James II, brother of Charles II and Uncle to Monmouth. He was crowned King of Scots at Scone on 1 January 1651. In 1651, he led a Scottish force into a dismal defeat by Cromwell's forces at Worcester (3 September 1651). He escaped, but spent the next nine years in exile in France, the United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands. Charles II's last years were occupied with securing his brother's claim to the throne Charles II died in February 1685.

Charles arrived in London to claim the throne on his 30th birthday, May 29, 1660. After 1660, all legal documents were dated as if Charles had succeeded his father in 1649. Charles was crowned King of England and Ireland at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661. He executed nine of his father's conspirators. England was overjoyed at having a monarch again. Royal powers and privileges had been severely limited by Parliament. He was forced to fund his administration from customs taxes. This moment was a turning point in English political history, as Parliament maintained a superior position to that of the king.

The first decade of Charles' reign had many problems: defeat against the Dutch in a mishandled war: the Great Plague of 1665 and the Fire of London (1666). In 1667, the Dutch towed the Royal Charles back to Holland.

In the 1670's Charles was forging a new alliance with France against the Dutch. French support was based on the promise that Charles would reintroduce Catholicism in England at a convenient time - apparently, Charles did nothing to bring England under the Catholic church. He converted to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed.

Charles was popularly known as the Merrie Monarch and Charles' era is remembered as the time of "Merry Olde England". The monarchy was successfully restored - the eleven years of Commonwealth were officially ignored. Charles' tolerance was astounding considering the situation of England at the time of his ascension, but was necessary for his reign to stand a chance at success. He was intelligent but lazy king (choosing to wait until the last moment to make a decision), a patron of scientific research. The British attitude towards Charles II: "Charles II was always very merry and was therefore not so much a king as a Monarch. During the civil war, he had rendered valuable assistance to his father's side by hiding in all the oak-trees he could find. He was thus very romantic and popular and was able after the death of Cromwell to descend to the throne."

 

 

The Great Plague of London

The Great Plague (1665-1666) was a massive outbreak of disease in England that killed an estimated 100,000 people, 20% of London's population. The disease was historically identified as bubonic plague that is transmitted through a flea vector. The 1665-1666 epidemic was weaker than the earlier "Black Death" (black for the colour of the tell-tale lumps that foretold its presence in a victim's body, and death for the inevitable result). The plague germs were carried by fleas which lived as parasites on rats. It had first appeared in Britain in 1348 but this time it was different.

In 1663 plague ravaged Holland. Charles II forbade any trade with the Dutch. Despite the precautions, the early spring of 1665 brought a sudden rise in the death rate in the poorer sections of London. The authorities ignored it. As spring turned hotter, the number of deaths escalated and panic set in.

The nobility left the city for their estates in the country. They were followed by the merchants, and the lawyers. The Inns of Court were deserted. The court moved to Hampton Court Palace.

By June the roads were clogged with people desperate to escape London. The Lord Mayor responded by closing the gates to anyone who did not have a certificate of health. These certificates became a currency more valuable than gold, and a thriving market in forged certificates grew up.

By mid July over 1,000 deaths per week were reported in the city. It was rumored that dogs and cats spread the disease, so the Lord Mayor ordered all the dogs and cats destroyed. About 40,000 dogs and 200,000 cats were killed. The real effect of this was that there were fewer natural enemies of the rats who carried the plague fleas, so the germs spread more rapidly.

Anyone in constant contact with plague victims, such as doctors, nurses, inspectors, were compelled to carry coloured staffs outdoors so that they could be easily seen and avoided. When one person in a house caught the plague the house was sealed until 40 days after the victim either recovered or died (usually the latter). Guards were posted at the door to see that no one got out. The guard had to be bribed to allow any food to passed to the inmates.

The death rate escalated throughout the summer, reaching a high of over 6,000 per week in August. From there the disease slowly receded until winter. Over 100,000 people died in and around London.

 

 

The Great Fire of London 

 

 

The Great Fire of London began on the night of September 2, 1666 on Pudding Lane, in the bakeshop of Thomas Farynor (who was baker to King Charles II). At one o'clock in the morning, a servant woke to find the house aflame, and the baker and his family escaped.

     At this time, London was built of wood and fire could spread very rapidly. Strong wind sent sparks that next ignited the Church of St. Margaret, and then spread to Thames Street. There were warehouses and wharves filled with food, hemp, oil, tallow, hay, timber, coal, etc. Fire fighters had little success in containing the fire with their buckets of water from the river. By eight o'clock in the morning, the fire had spread halfway across London Bridge. The only thing that stopped the fire from spreading to Southwark was a gap that had been caused by the fire of 1633.

     The fire was soon totally out of control. The Trained Bands of London were called in to demolish houses by gunpowder. The fire blazed for another three days, until it stopped near Temple Church. Suddenly it revived and continued it's way towards Westminster. The Duke of York (later King James II) had the presence of mind to order the Paper House demolished to create a fire break, and the fire finally died down.

     Only 6 people died but the cost of rebuilding was huge. Approximately 430 acres (~80% of the city) was destroyed, including 13,000 houses, 89 churches, and 52 Guild Halls. Thousands of citizens were homeless. The only positive effect of the Great Fire was that the Great Plague diminished greatly because the plague-carrying rats burned and died in the blaze.

 

Charles II appointed six Commissioners to redesign the city. The plan provided for wider streets and buildings of stone. By 1671, 9000 houses and public buildings had been completed. Sir Christopher Wren was commissioned to design of ~50 churches, inclusive St. Paul's Cathedral. Wren designed also a monument to the Great Fire, which stands still today at the site of the bakery which started it all, on Monument Street.

 

 

Click here or here to read more about the Great Fire of London

Click to see where the Fire and Plague spread

 

Sources:

http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon49.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London

http://www.britainexpress.com/History/plague.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England

http://www.historyonthenet.com/Stuarts/great_fire.htm

http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Learning/Learningonline/features/tudor/tudor_stuart_london_1.htm

“Maailma ajalugu“, D. Kindersley, Varrak, 1998

 

 

Questions:

1. Who was known as the Merrie Monarch?

2. How many cats were killed to stop the Great Plague?

3. When the Great Fire of London began?

4. Where the Great Fire of London began?

5. What happened in May 29, 1660?

6. How many people died in the Great Fire of London? 

Answers:

 

1. Charles II
2. ~200,000
3. On September 2, 1666
4. On Pudding Lane
5. Charles II became king
6. 6