Sub-topics:

1) The Tudors: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Mary Tudor

2) The Anglican Church, the Bible

3) Elizabeth I

4) Drake, Raleigh

5) Shakespeare

powerpoint tudors.ppt 

 

 The Tudors: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Mary Tudor

 

The House of Tudor was a European royal house that ruled the Kingdom of England and its lands from 1485 until 1603. Its first monarch Henry Tudor descended paternally from the rulers of the Welsh principality. The five Tudor monarchs ruled for about a century. The Tudor dynasty ended with the death of Elizabeth I.  

Henry VII was born in Wales in 1457. His father was Edmund Tudor and mother Lady Margaret Beaufort. Edmund Tudor died before Henry was born and so he spent a lot of time with his uncle Jasper Tudor who was a Lancastrian and who was forced to flee form England during the reign of Edward IV. In 1471, when Edward IV returned to the throne, Henry fled to Brittany and after an unsuccessful try to land in England 14 years later he fled to France.

 

Henry returned to England with a French and Scottish force and accompanied by his uncle Jasper. Henry's Lancastrian forces defeated Richard's Yorkist army at the Battle of Bosworth on 22nd August 1485. By killing Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Henry VII ended the Wars of the Roses.

 

On 30 October 1485 Henry VII was crowned the king of England and on 18 January 1486 he married Elizabeth of York, the daughter of Edward IV and so united the Houses of York and Lancaster. He had 7 children: Arthur Tudor (Prince of England), Margaret Tudor, Henry VIII (King of England), Elizabeth Tudor, Mary Tudor, Edmund Tudor (Duke of Somerset) and Katherine Tudor.

 

In 1502 Henry’s heir Arthur died and in 1503 his wife Elizabeth of York died while giving a birth. In 1503 Henry succeeded in marrying his daughter Margaret and James IV which stopped the contradiction between England and Scotland. Henry VII died in 1509 at the age of 52 from different illnesses including syphilis. He was buried at Westminster Abbey on 9 May 1509.

Henry VIII was born in 1491. He was the second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. The energetic, youthful and handsome king avoided governing in person, preferring to journey the countryside hunting. Matters of state were left in the hands of  Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York. He married Catherine of Aragon (widow of his brother, Arthur) in 1509 and divorced her in 1533. This marriage produced one daughter, Mary. In 1530 Henry became more involved in government.

 

The reason for the separation of the Church of England from Roman Catholicism was Henry's obsession with producing a male heir, which Catherine of Aragon had failed to do. Henry needed an annulment of his previous marriage from the pope Clement VII in order to marry Anne Boleyn. Clement didn’t want to give up and so Henry summoned the Reformation Parliament in 1529. The Act of Supremacy in1534 declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England". The break from Rome was accomplished through law.

 

 Henry married the pregnant Anne Boleyn in 1533. She gave him another daughter, Elizabeth, but was executed for infidelity in May 1536. Henry married Jane Seymour by the end of the same month, but she died giving birth to Henry's lone male heir Edward in 1536. Henry loved Jane Seymour and considered her his true wife. In 1540 Henry arranged a marriage with Anne of Cleves. The marriage was dissolved and Anne received the title of "The King's Sister" .In July 1540 he married Catherine Howard who was executed for infidelity in March 1542. Catherine Parr became his wife in 1543 and took care of Henry and his children until Henry’s death. Henry VIII died on 28 January 1547 from multiple diseases and was succeeded by his nine years old son Edward.

Mary Tudor (March 18 1496 – June 25 1533) was the younger sister of Henry VIII of England and the fifth child of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. She was very close with her brother Henry when they were children. Henry named his daughter, the future Queen Mary after his sister. Mary was considered to be one of the most attractive women in Europe at the time.

 

On October 9, 1514, at the age of 18 Mary married a 52-year-old King Louis XII of France and became the Queen of France. Despite two previous marriages the king had no heirs and he wanted a son. But Louis died on January 1, 1515 and his marriage with Mary produced no children.

 

Her second marriage was with Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk. Henry knew of his sister's feelings but wanted any future marriage to be to his advantage. He made the Duke promise that he would not propose to her. But the couple married secretly in France in 1515.

The King was very mad but the couple was let off with a heavy fine. They married officially on May 13, 1515. They had three children: Henry Brandon, Lady Frances Brandon and Lady Eleanor Brandon.

 

Relations between Henry VIII and Mary got worse in the late 1520s because she didn’t like the King's attempt to divorce from Catherine of Aragon, whom Mary had known for many years.

 

Used sources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England

http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon41.html

http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII#Kirjandus

http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England#Elimination_of_Rivals

http://tudorhistory.org/people/mary2/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France

 

Exercise:

1. For how long did the Tudors rule England?
2. Who ended the Wars of the Roses and how?
3. What were the most memorable things that Henry VIII did during his reign?
4. Who is Mary Tudor? Who were her husbands?

Answers:

1. Over a century (118 years)
2. Henry VII; by defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth.
3. Separated the Church of England from Roman Catholicism, had 6 vives.
4. The younger sister of Henry VIII and the fifth child of Henry VII; Louis XII, Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk.

 

                                                                       The Anglican Church

The English church was under papal authority for nearly a thousand years, before separating from Rome in 1534 during the reign of King Henry VIII. A theological separation had been foreshadowed by various movements within the English, but the English Reformation gained political support when Henry VIII wanted an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn. Under pressure from Catherine's nephew, the Emperor Charles V, Pope Clement VII refused the annulment. Eventually, Henry, although theologically a doctrinal Catholic, took the position of Supreme Head of the Church of England to ensure the annulment of his marriage. He was excommunicated by Pope Paul III.

During Henry’s reigning time, where he maintained a strong preference for traditional Catholic practices, a lot of Protestant reformers tried to change the practices of the Church of England, but they failed. This part of Henry’s reign also saw the trial for heresy of Protestants as well as Roman Catholics.

During the reign of Edward VI, the son of Henry VIII, a lot of reforms were made by the Protestants. Under the leadership of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, a more radical reformation proceeded. A new pattern of worship was set out in the Book of Common Prayer. These were based on the older liturgy but influenced by Protestant principles. The confession of the new reformed church was set out in the Forty-two Articles (later revised to thirty-nine).

The reformation however was cut short by the death of the king. Queen Mary I, who succeeded him, sought to return England again to the authority of the Pope and undo the reforms. Many leaders and common people were burnt for their refusal to recant of their reformed faith. These are known as the Marian martyrs and the persecution has led to her nickname of "Bloody Mary".

Mary also died childless so it was left to the new regime of her half-sister Elizabeth to resolve the direction of the church. The settlement under Elizabeth I, known as the Elizabethan settlement, created what we know today as the Church of England. Elizabethan Religious Settlement produced a church which was moderately reformed in doctrine. It also emphasized the continuity with the Catholic and Apostolic tradition of the Church Fathers and a liturgical style similar to that prior to its reformation. It was also an established church (constitutionally established by the state with the head of state as its supreme governor). The exact nature of the relationship between church and state would be a source of continued friction into the next century.

Used sources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_church

Questions:

1. What was the problem between the English king Henry VIII and the Pope?

2. Who was the Pope at that time?

3. What did the Protestants want?

4. Who was the Archbishop of Canterbury at that time?

5. What is an established church?

Answers:

1. Henry VIII wanted to divorce from Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn.

2. Paul III was the Pope at that time.

3. The Protestants wanted to change the practices of the Church of England.

4. Thomas Cranmer was the Archbishop of Canterbury at that time.

5. An established church is a church which is constitutionally established by the state with the head of state as its supreme governor.

 

 

The Bible

                                                               Authorized King James Version

Thomas Cranmer compiled the Book of Common Prayer when the Tudors were ruling the country. But now as Elizabeth I had died, the Tudor dynasty was put to an end. James I from Scotland took over the country, and with him came changes and reformations. The newly crowned King James convened the Hampton Court Conference in 1604. This gathering proposed a new English version in response to the perceived problems of earlier translations as detected by the Puritan faction of the Church of England.

Instructions were given to the translators to limit the Puritan influence on this new translation. The King gave the translators instructions designed to guarantee that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology of the Church of England. Certain Greek and Hebrew words were to be translated in a manner that reflected the traditional usage of the church. For example, old ecclesiastical words such as the word "church" were to be retained and not to be translated as "congregation". The new translation would reflect the Episcopal structure of the Church of England and traditional beliefs about an ordained clergy. The King's instructions included several requirements that kept the new translation familiar to its listeners and readers. The text of the Bishops' Bible would serve as the primary guide for the translators, and the familiar proper names of the biblical characters would all be retained.

The task of translation was undertaken by 47 scholars, although 54 were originally approved. They were all members of the Church of England. The scholars worked in six committees, two based in each of the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, and Westminster. The committees worked on certain parts separately, and then the drafts produced by each committee were compared and revised for harmony with each other. The scholars were not paid directly for their translation work, instead a circular letter was sent to bishops encouraging them to consider the translators for appointment to well paid livings as these fell vacant. Several were supported by the various colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, while others were promoted to bishoprics and deaneries through royal patronage.

The committees started work towards the end of 1604. King James I of England, on July 22, 1604 sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft asking him to contact all English churchmen, and he requested that they make donations to his project.

In 1608 the translation of the Bible was completed and in January 1609 it was reviewed by the General Committee of Review at Stationers’ Hall. After correcting the mistakes the Authorized King James Version was published.

Used sources:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England

Questions:

1. Who compiled the Book of Common Prayer?

2. When was James I crowned the King of England?

3. How many scholars translated the bible?

4. When did they start working?

5. When was the translation completed?

Answers:

1. Thomas Cranmer compiled the Book of Common Prayer.

2. James I was crowned the King of England in 1603.

3. The task of translation was undertaken by 47 scholars.

4. The committees started work towards the end of 1604.

5. The translation was completed in 1608.

 

 

 

 

Elizabeth I

 

About her...

Elizabeth I was born in 1533 as the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Henry VIII wasn't interested in having another daughter - the king needed a male heir. When Anne gave birth to a stillborn baby boy in 1536, Henry VIII was already tired of her and she was executed, Elizabeth was sent away from court. Although she was the daughter of the reigning king, she didn't even have enough clothes and her childhood wasn't a royal one. Her father died in 1547 , the thrown passed to Edward VI, then to Lady Jane Grey and the last one to reign before Elizabeth was Mary I (of England). Already in 1558 Elizabeth inherited the throne. When she learned that she was the new queen, she said: "A Dominum factum est illud, et est mirabile in oculis notris" - "It is the Lord's doing, and it is marvelous in our eyes."

 

Elizabeth was a calculating and mature young lady, she has was undenyably intelligent. She had a private tutor and she could speak numerous languages (for example Greek). Everywhere she went, she had a book with her. Elizabeth also liked having fun - her household books show that she spent quite a lot on musicians and also bought books and musical instruments.

Her appearance was not so flattering at all. She was about 170 cm tall, she had red curly hair, her teeth were black (cause of tooth decay) and sometimes it was difficult to understand what she was speaking because of some missing teeth. Her eyes were brown and her nose was hooked in the middle. Elizabeth was famous for her temper - she had inherited it from both her mother and father.

Unlike her sister Mary, Elizabeth was brought up in the Protestant faith. Pope Paul IV was unhappy that a Protestant monarch was in power in England and he suggested that if Elizabeth begged for his permission to be the queen he would consider the matter. Elizabeth refused and the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth and ordered her subjects not to obey her.

After the coronation of Elizabeth many royal gentlemen wished to marry her but for 25 years Elizabeth denied all requests. She probably gave only three or four of all the proposals a second thought. Her definite favourite was Robert Dudley, a childhood friend of hers. Alas, their marriage was impossible because it would have upset the public enormously. The problem was that Dudley already was married and rumours spread that Dudley and Elizabeth have a secret agreement that they will marry in case of Dudley's wife death - strangely, in 1560 Dudley's wife fell down the stairs and died. Elizabeth seriously concidered marrying Dudley but some of the top politicians of that time made it clear to Elizabeth that marrying the man he loved would almost certainly mean losing the throne. In 1578 Dudley got married again (much to Elizabeth's dismay) but relationships between the two remained warm.

 

Politics

Elizabeth held fewer Parliaments than her father - an average of a Parliament once every four years and made it clear that members of the House of Commons had complete freedom of speech. However, she believed that certain issues such as religion or foreign policy were best left to her and her Privy Council. On thirty-six occasions Elizabeth vetoed laws passed by Parliament, for example, Parliament passed a bill that banned hunting, cock-fighting and bear-baiting from taking place on Sunday. Elizabeth believed that people had the right to enjoy themselves on their one day of rest and refused to allow the bill to become a law.

Elizabeth was afraid that Mary I (of Scotland) would take over the throne of England and so she tried to oppose the French presence in Scotland. Although Scotland was already mostly a Protestant country, Mary I was a Catholic and so Elizabeth tried to provoke the Scottish people to try to reach for what they were demanding for: for Protestantism. In a way, Mary  helped Elizabeth to undermine herself, making a huge mistake: she got married to Henry Stuart, who wanted to seize the thrown of England himself. The man grew unpopular amongst the people of Scotland and Henry and Mary grew apart as well.

Henry Stuart was almost definitely murdered by conspirators led by Earl of Bothwell. Soon afterwards, Mary got married to Earl. The Scottish people couldn't take it any more, Mary had to abdicate the thrown and soon she fled to England where she had been assured of support from Elizabeth. Elizabeth and her council decided to play it safe and imprisosoned Mary, who became the focus for rebellion. Thus, in 1586 Elizabeth agreed with the decapitation of Mary and in 1587 the one-time Queen of Scots was beheaded.

 

Elizabeth had to cope with troubles in the foreign affaires quite a lot. From 1562 to 1563 she gave order to the army to take back Le Havre (a port in France that had belonged to England) but it went disastrously wrong.

In 1585 she sent the English army to the Netherlands to aid the Dutch rebels, which finally led to the Anglo-Spanish war. In 1588 the Spanish Armada set sail for the Channel and only a combination of misfortune, bad weather, bad strategy and attack of English fire ships saved England from the worse.

 

From 1589 to 1592 she sent military support to the French king to help him fight against the Catholic army (French catholiccs, Spaniards etc.) but again, the results were disastrous and nothing was achieved.

 

Ireland (although a part of the Empire) and the Irish people were very hostile towards Elizabeth because Ireland was a deeply Catholic country. She tried to avoid Ireland from becoming a base from where Spain could attack England. In order to do that, many uprisings had to be put down (the uprisings were quite often backed by Spain) and Elizabeth showed no mercy in doing that. In Munster, 30,000 people starved to death, most of the villages that were attacked by the English army were burnt down with men, women and children slaughtered. Finally, after long negotiations, the leader of the uprisings Hugh O'Neill surrendered in 1603 - just a few days after the death of Elizabeth I.

 

 

Later life and death

The last years of Elizabeth's reign were somewhat difficult as wars with Ireland and Spain raged, taxes were raised, the living standards lowered and poor harvests were gathered. Although this period was economically difficult, the cultural life blossomed. Great dramatists like Shakespeare and Marlowe emerged and musicians, poets and writers were especially productive.

Elizabeth's death brought about mixed emotions: there were those who were happy but also those who were sad for her death At first James I justified the hopes that the people of England had put on his shoulders but year by year his popularity declined and the „good old times“ when Elizabeth ruled England were set in honour. In fact, Elizabeth really had brought stability to the country and had raised the status of England abroad. Elizabeth was seen as a fair monarch who worked together with the parliament; she was also one of the few monarchs in England that bore the truth - her advisors could tell her the truth without beautifying it.

 

 

Elizabeth didn't have problems with her health until the autumn of 1602 when a series of deaths led her to deep depression. The death of Catherine Carey, Countess of Nottingham in February 1603 came as an especially strong blow. Elizabeth I, who had ruled England for 43 years, died only a month later, on the 24. of March 1603.

 

 

Questions:

 

1. When did Elizabeth succeed to the throne?

2. Was she a Protestant of a Catholic?

3. Who was Elizabeth's favourite?

4. What happened to Mary I of Scotland?

5. Was Elizabeth successful in France?

6. How were the rebels of Ireland treated?

 

 

Answers:

 

1. In 1558

2. A Protestant

3. Robert Dudley

4. She was held in prison in England and finally beheaded

5. Not at all

6. Harshly, they were scattered and killed

 

 

Sources:

 

1. http://www.tudorhistory.org/elizabeth/

 

2. http://www.elizabethi.org/us/

 

3. http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon45.html

 

4. http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html

 

5. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/elizabeth_i.htm

 

6. http://www.earlywomenmasters.net/cds/elizabeth/images/elizabeth_levina_teerling.jpg

 

7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England

 

Sir Francis Drake ( 1540- 1596 )

 

 

 

Sir Francis Drake was born in Tavistock, Devon in around 1540. The exact date of his birth is unknown and could be as early as 1535. Before he turned thirteen, Drake started his sea career, when he became a member of the crew of a bark trading. He became owner-master of the ship at the age of twenty after the death of its previous captain. He made his first voyage to the New World at the age of twenty-three.

 

In 1567 Sir Francis Drake made one of the first English slaving voyages, bringing African slaves to work in the New World. In 1569 he was trapped by the Spaniards in the Mexican port of San Juan de Ulua. He escaped there, but that eventually lead him to a lifelong revenge against the Spanish. They in turn considered him a pirate.

 

Despite popular lore, it seems unlikely that Sir Francis Drake reached Cape Horn, because his descriptions don’t fit and his shipmates denied having seen an open sea.

To the annoyance of Spanish king, Queen Elizabeth I knighted him aboard of his ship. In 1588 Drake was vice admiral in command of the English fleet when it overcame Spanish Armada that was attempting to invade England.

 

In 1595, following a disastrous campaign against Spanish America, where he suffered several defeats in a row, he unsuccessfully attacked Puerto Rico. The Spanish gunners from shot a cannonball through the cabin of Drake's flagship, but he survived. At the age of 56, he died of dysentery. He was buried at sea in a lead coffin, near Portobelo.

 

Sources:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/drake_francis.shtml

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake

 

Sir Walter Raleigh ( 1552- 1618 )

 

 

Sir Walter Raleigh was a English writer, poet, soldier, courtier and explorer.

Some historians believe Raleigh was born in 1552, while others guess as late as 1554. Raleigh's family was strongly Protestant. As a result, during his childhood, Raleigh developed a hatred of Catholicism.

 

In 1585 he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth. He was also involved in the early English colonisation of the New World in Virginia. In 1591 he secretly married Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of the Queen’s ladies-in-waiting, without requesting the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the Tower of London.

After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, Raleigh was again imprisoned in the Tower, this time for being involved in the Main Plot against King James I, who was not favourably disposed toward him. Raleigh is generally considered one of the creative poets of the Elizabethan era. His poetry is generally written in the relatively straightforward mode known as the plain style.

 

On 29 October 1618 Raleigh was beheaded at White Hall. According to many biographers- Sir Walter’s final words were: “Strike, man, strike”

 

Sources: 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Raleigh

http://www.luminarium.org/renlit/raleghbio.htm

 

Questions:

1. When was Sir Francis Drake born?

2. Who was the first Englishman who brought African slaves to work in the New World?

3. Why Queen Elizabeth knighted Sir Francis Drake? 

4. Why Raleigh developed a hatred against Catholicism?

5. Why Walter Raleigh and his wife were sent to the Tower of London?

6. What were the last words of Sir Walter Raleigh?

 

Answers:

1. The exact date of his birth is unknown.

2. Sir Francis Drake brought african slaves to work in the New World.

3. To the annoyance of Spanish king, Queen Elizabeth knighted Francis Drake.

4. Raleigh developed a hatred against Catholicism because his family was strongly protestant.

5. Walter Raleigh and his wife were sent to the Tower of London because he married the Queen's lady-in-wanting, without requesting permission.

6. The last words of Sir Walter Raleigh were: "Strike, man, strike"

 

 

 

 

                                                                                                William Shakespeare

 

 

 

                                                                                       

 

 

William Shakespeare (1564-1616), also known as „The Bard of Avon“, was an english poet and a playwright who wrote the famous 154 Sonnets and numerous highly successful oftenly quoted dramatic works including the tragedy of the Prince of Denmark, Hamlet.

His surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, a successful glover and alderman originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning farmer. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised on 26 April 1564. His actual birthdate is unknown, but is traditionally observed on 23 April, St George's Day. He was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare married the 26-year-old Anne Hathaway with whom he had 3 children. Susanna, Judith and Hamnet. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11.

In 1592 Shakespeare fled to London to escape prosecution for deer poaching. It is not known exactly when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. After 1606–1607, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and was buried in the chancel of the Holy Trinity Church two days after his death.

Questions:

1.       When was Shakespeare born?

2.       Why is he called “The Bard of Avon”?

3.       What was his father’s name?

4.       When did Shakespeare flee to London?

5.       When did Shakespeare die?

Awsers:

1.       W. Shakespeare was born in 1564.

2.       He is called that way because he was born in Stratford-Upon-Avon.

3.       His father’s name was John.

4.       Shakespeare fled to London in 1592.

5.       Shakespeare died in 1616.

 

Sources:

 

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare

http://www.online-literature.com/shakespeare/